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<title>Chechen language</title>

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Chechen language

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</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Chechen</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Нохчийн мотт Noxçiyn mott</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">[ˈnɔxt͡ʃĩː muɔt]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>, <a href="Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a>, <a href="Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1.8 million (2020)<a href="#cite_note-e27-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a>

<a href="Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="Vainakh_languages" title="Vainakh languages">Vainakh</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Chechen</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">

<ul><li>Ploskost</li>

<li>Kistin</li>

<li>Cheberloi</li>

<li>Melkhin</li>

<li>Itumkala</li>

<li><a href="Aukh_dialect" title="Aukh dialect">Akkin</a><a href="#cite_note-e27-1">[1]</a></li></ul>

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> (present, official) <a href="Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> (historically) <a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> (historically) <a href="Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian script</a> (historically)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>

<ul><li> <a href="Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li>

<li> <a href="Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a></li></ul>

</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ce">ce</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=81">che</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/che" class="extiw external" title="iso639-3:che">che</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chec1245">chec1245</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="Glottopedia" title="Glottopedia">Glottopedia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glottopedia.org/index.php/Tschetschenisch">Tschetschenisch</a></code><a href="#cite_note-Glottopedia-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">

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</style><div class="legend">  Distribution of the Chechen language</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center">Chechen is classified as Vulnerable by the <a href="UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="Atlas_of_the_World's_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></div></div></td></tr><tr></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">

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Chechen (/ˈtʃɛtʃɛn/ CHETCH-en,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> /tʃəˈtʃɛn/ chə-CHEN;<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Нохчийн мотт, Noxçiyn mott,<a href="#cite_note-BGN/PCGN-6">[6]</a> [ˈnɔxt͡ʃĩː muɔt]) is a <a href="Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian language</a> spoken by approximately 1.8 million people, mostly in the <a href="Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechen Republic</a> and by <a href="Chechens" title="Chechens">members of the Chechen diaspora</a> throughout <a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and the rest of <a href="Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> (mainly <a href="Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>) and <a href="Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

Before the <a href="Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Russian conquest</a>, most writings in <a href="Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> consisted of <a href="Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> texts and clan histories, written usually in Arabic but sometimes also in Chechen using Arabic script. The Chechen literary language was created after the <a href="October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, and the <a href="Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> began to be used instead of Arabic for Chechen writing in the mid-1920s. The <a href="Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> was adopted in 1938. Almost the entire library of Chechen medieval writing in Arabic and Georgian script about the land of Chechnya and its people was destroyed by Soviet authorities in 1944, leaving the modern Chechens and modern historians with a destroyed and no longer existent historical treasury of writings.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

The Chechen diaspora in <a href="Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and <a href="Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> is fluent but generally not literate in Chechen except for individuals who have made efforts to learn the writing system. The Cyrillic alphabet is not generally known in these countries, and thus for Jordan and Syria, they mostly use the Arabic alphabet, while in Turkey they use the Latin alphabet.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div>

Chechen is the most-spoken <a href="Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian language</a>. Together with the closely related <a href="Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a>, with which there exists a large degree of mutual intelligibility and shared vocabulary, it forms the <a href="Vainakh_languages" title="Vainakh languages">Vainakh branch</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2></div>

There are a number of Chechen dialects: <a href="Aukh_dialect" title="Aukh dialect">Aukh</a>, Chebarloish, Malkhish, Nokhchmakhkakhoish, Orstkhoish, Sharoish, Shuotoish, Terloish, Itum-Qalish and Himoish.

Dialects of Chechen can be classified by their geographic position within the Chechen Republic. The dialects of the northern lowlands are often referred to as "Oharoy muott" (literally "lowlander's language") and the dialect of the southern mountain tribes is known as "Laamaroy muott" (lit. "mountainer's language"). Oharoy muott forms the basis for much of the standard and literary Chechen language, which can largely be traced to the regional dialects of Urus-Martan and contemporary <a href="Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>. Laamaroy dialects include Chebarloish, Sharoish, Itum-Qalish, Kisti, and Himoish. Until recently, however, Himoy was undocumented and was considered a branch of Sharoish, as many dialects are also used as the basis of intertribal (teip) communication within a larger Chechen "tukkhum". Laamaroy dialects such as Sharoish, Himoish and Chebarloish are more conservative and retain many features from Proto-Chechen. For instance, many of these dialects lack a number of vowels found in the standard language which were a result of <a href="Umlaut_(linguistics)" title="Umlaut (linguistics)">long-distance assimilation</a> between vowel sounds. Additionally, the Himoy dialect preserves word-final, post-tonic vowels as a schwa [ə].

Literary Chechen is based on Plains Chechen, spoken around <a href="Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a> and <a href="Urus-Martan" title="Urus-Martan">Urus-Martan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2></div>

According to the <a href="Russian_Census_(2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2020)">Russian Census of 2020</a>, 1,490,000 people reported being able to speak Chechen in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-e27-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_status">Official status</h3></div>

Chechen is an official language of <a href="Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jordan">Jordan</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Chechens_in_Jordan" title="Chechens in Jordan">Chechens in Jordan</a></div>

Chechens in <a href="Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> have good relations with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and are able to practice their own culture and language. Chechen language usage is strong among the Chechen community in Jordan. Jordanian Chechens are bilingual in both Chechen and Arabic, but do not speak Arabic among themselves, only speaking Chechen to other Chechens. Some Jordanians are literate in Chechen as well, having managed to read and write to people visiting Jordan from Chechnya.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div>

Some phonological characteristics of Chechen include its wealth of consonants and sounds similar to <a href="Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and the <a href="Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan languages</a> of North America, as well as a large vowel system resembling those of <a href="Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> and <a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div>

The Chechen language has, like most indigenous <a href="Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">languages of the Caucasus</a>, a large number of <a href="Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a>: about 40 to 60 (depending on the <a href="Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> and the analysis), far more than most <a href="Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European languages</a>. Typical of the region, a four-way distinction between <a href="Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a>, <a href="Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a>, <a href="Ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective">ejective</a> and <a href="Geminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminate">geminate</a> <a href="Fortis_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortis (phonetics)">fortis</a> <a href="Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a> is found.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Furthermore, all variants except the ejective are subject to phonemic pharyngealization.

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<th colspan="2"><a href="Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a>

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<th colspan="2"><a href="Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a>

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<th rowspan="4"><a href="Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a>

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<td>(<a href="Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">ʔˤ</a>)

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<th rowspan="4"><a href="Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a>

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<th rowspan="2"><a href="Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a>

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<th colspan="2"><a href="Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a>

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<th colspan="2"><a href="Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a>

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<th rowspan="2"><a href="Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a>

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<th colspan="3"><a href="Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> (<a href="Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a>)

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

Nearly any consonant may be <a href="Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis</a> because of focus gemination, but only the ones above are found in <a href="Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">roots</a>.

The consonants of the t cell and /<a href="Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/ are <a href="Denti-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Denti-alveolar">denti-alveolar</a>; the others of that column are <a href="Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a>.

/<a href="Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/ is a back <a href="Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a>, but not quite <a href="Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">uvular</a>.

The lateral /<a href="Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/ may be <a href="Dark_L" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark L">velarized</a>, unless it is followed by a front vowel.

The trill /<a href="Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/ is usually articulated with a single contact, and therefore sometimes described as a <a href="Tap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tap consonant">tap</a> [<a href="Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>].

Except in the literary <a href="Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">register</a>, and even then only for some speakers, the voiced <a href="Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">affricates</a> /<a href="Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>/, /<a href="Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>/ have merged into the <a href="Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricatives</a> /<a href="Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/, /<a href="Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/. A voiceless labial fricative /<a href="Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/ is found only in European <a href="Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>.

/<a href="Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/ appears both in diphthongs and as a consonant; as a consonant, it has an allophone [<a href="Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>] before front vowels.

Approximately twenty <a href="Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealized</a> consonants (marked with superscript <a href="Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">ˤ</a>) also appear in the table above. <a href="Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a>, <a href="Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> and <a href="Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">postalveolar</a> consonants may be pharyngealized, except for <a href="Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejectives</a>.

Except when following a consonant, /<a href="Voiced_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiced epiglottal trill">ʢ</a>/ is <a href="Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetically</a> [<a href="Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">ʔˤ</a>], and can be argued to be a <a href="Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> before a "<a href="Pharyngealized" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharyngealized">pharyngealized</a>" (actually epiglottalized) vowel. However, it does not have the distribution constraints characteristic of the anterior <a href="Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealized (epiglottalized) consonants</a>. Although these may be analyzed as an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anterior" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:anterior">anterior</a> consonant plus /<a href="Voiced_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiced epiglottal trill">ʢ</a>/ (they surface for example as [dʢ] when <a href="Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> and [<a href="Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰʜ</a>] when <a href="Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a>), <a href="Johanna_Nichols" title="Johanna Nichols">Nichols</a> argues that given the severe constraints against <a href="Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a> in Chechen, it is more useful to analyze them as single consonants.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3></div>

Unlike most other languages of the Caucasus, Chechen has an extensive inventory of <a href="Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> sounds, putting its range higher than most languages of Europe (most vowels being the product of environmentally conditioned allophonic variation, which varies by both dialect and method of analysis). Many of the vowels are due to <a href="I-mutation" title="I-mutation">umlaut</a>, which is highly productive in the standard dialect. None of the spelling systems used so far have distinguished the vowels with complete accuracy.

</th>

<th colspan="2"><a href="Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a>

</th>

<th rowspan="2"><a href="Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a>~ <a href="Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Unrounded vowel">unrounded</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rounded vowel">rounded</a>

</th></tr>

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

</th>

<td>(<a href="Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>) (<a href="Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æː</a>)

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<th><a href="Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthong</a>

</th>

<td>je ie

</td>

<td>ɥø yø

</td>

<td>wo uo

</td></tr></tbody></table>

All vowels may be <a href="Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalized</a>. Nasalization is imposed by the <a href="Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, <a href="Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a>, and for some speakers the <a href="Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative case</a> of <a href="Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>. Nasalization is not strong, but it is audible even in final vowels, which are devoiced.

Some of the <a href="Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> have significant <a href="Allophone" title="Allophone">allophony</a>: /ɥø/ = [ɥø], [ɥe], [we]; /yø/ = [yø], [ye]; /uo/ = [woː], [uə].

In <a href="Closed_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed syllable">closed syllables</a>, <a href="Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowels</a> become short in most dialects (not <a href="Kist_people" title="Kist people">Kisti</a>), but are often still distinct from short vowels (shortened [i], [u], [ɔ] and [ɑ̈] vs. short [ɪ], [ʊ], [o], and [ə], for example), although which ones remain distinct depends on the dialect.

/æ/, /æː/ and /e/, /eː/ are in <a href="Complementary_distribution" title="Complementary distribution">complementary distribution</a> (/æ/ occurs after <a href="Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealized</a> consonants, whereas /e/ does not and /æː/—identical with /æ/ for most speakers—occurs in closed syllables, while /eː/ does not) but speakers strongly feel that they are distinct sounds.

<a href="Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">Pharyngealization</a> appears to be a feature of the consonants, though some analyses treat it as a feature of the vowels. However, <a href="Johanna_Nichols" title="Johanna Nichols">Nichols</a> argues that this does not capture the situation in Chechen well, whereas it is more clearly a feature of the vowel in <a href="Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a>: Chechen [tsʜaʔ] "one", Ingush [tsaʔˤ], which she analyzes as /tsˤaʔ/ and /tsaˤʔ/. Vowels have a delayed <a href="Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">murmured</a> onset after pharyngealized voiced consonants and a noisy <a href="Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> onset after pharyngealized voiceless consonants. The high vowels /i/, /y/, /u/ are diphthongized, [əi], [əy], [əu], whereas the <a href="Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> /je/, /wo/ undergo <a href="Metathesis_(linguistics)" title="Metathesis (linguistics)">metathesis</a>, [ej], [ow].

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonotactics">Phonotactics</h3></div>

Chechen permits syllable-initial clusters /st px tx/ and non-initially also allows /x r l/ plus any consonant, and any obstruent plus a uvular of the same <a href="Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner of articulation</a>. The only cluster of three consonants permitted is /rst/.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabets">Alphabets</h2></div>

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Numerous inscriptions in the <a href="Georgian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian script">Georgian script</a> are found in mountainous Chechnya, but they are not necessarily in Chechen. Later, the <a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> was introduced for Chechen, along with <a href="Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. The Chechen Arabic alphabet was first reformed during the reign of <a href="Imam_Shamil" title="Imam Shamil">Imam Shamil</a>, and then again in 1910, 1920 and 1922.

At the same time, the alphabet devised by <a href="Peter_von_Uslar" title="Peter von Uslar">Peter von Uslar</a>, consisting of Cyrillic, Latin, and Georgian letters, was used for academic purposes. In 1911 it too was reformed but never gained popularity among the Chechens themselves.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyrillic_alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</h3></div>

The current official script for Chechen language is the Cyrillic alphabet. This script was created and adopted in 1938, replacing the Latin script prior to it. Up until 1992, only the Cyrillic script was used for Chechen. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the de facto secession of the <a href="Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a> from Russia, a new Latin script was devised and was used parallel to Cyrillic until the dissolution of <a href="Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">the separatist state</a>.

Modern alphabet:

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">А а

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Аь аь

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Б б

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">В в

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Г г

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Гӏ гӏ

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Д д

</td></tr>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Е е

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ё ё

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ж ж

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">З з

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">И и

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Й й

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">К к

</td></tr>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Кх кх

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Къ къ

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Кӏ кӏ

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Л л

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">М м

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Н н

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">О о

</td></tr>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Оь оь

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">П п

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Пӏ пӏ

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Р р

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">С с

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Т т

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Тӏ тӏ

</td></tr>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">У у

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Уь уь

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ф ф

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Х х

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Хь хь

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Хӏ хӏ

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ц ц

</td></tr>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Цӏ цӏ

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ч ч

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Чӏ чӏ

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ш ш

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Щ щ

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ъ ъ

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ы ы

</td></tr>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ь ь

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Э э

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ю ю

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Я я

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ӏ ӏ

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

Lower-case <a href="Palochka" title="Palochka">palochka</a>, ⟨ӏ⟩, is found in handwriting. Usually, palochka uppercase and lowercase forms <a href="Cyrillic_script#Lowercase_forms" title="Cyrillic script">consistent</a> in print or upright, but only upper-case ⟨Ӏ⟩ is normally used in computers.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1992_Latin_alphabet">1992 Latin alphabet</h3></div>

In 1992, with the de facto secession of <a href="Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a> from Russia, a new Latin Chechen alphabet was introduced and used in parallel with the Cyrillic alphabet. This was the second time a Latin-based orthography was created for Chechen. But after the defeat of the <a href="Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a> government by the <a href="Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a>, the Cyrillic alphabet was restored.<a href="#cite_note-BGN/PCGN-6">[6]</a>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">A a

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ä ä

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">B b

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">C c

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ċ ċ

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ç ç

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ç̇ ç̇

</td></tr>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">D d

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">E e

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">F f

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">G g

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ġ ġ

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">H h

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">X x

</td></tr>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ẋ ẋ

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">I i

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">J j

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">K k

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Kh kh

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">L l

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">M m

</td></tr>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">N n

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ꞑ ꞑ (Ŋ ŋ)

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">O o

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ö ö

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">P p

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ph ph

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Q q

</td></tr>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Q̇ q̇

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">R r

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">S s

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ş ş

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">T t

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Th th

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">U u

</td></tr>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ü ü

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">V v

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Y y

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Z z

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ƶ ƶ

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ə ə

</td>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1925_Latin_alphabet">1925 Latin alphabet</h3></div>

The first time that the Latin alphabet was <a href="Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">introduced</a>, was in 1925, replacing Arabic alphabet. Further minor modifications in 1934, unified Chechen orthography with Ingush. But the Latin alphabet was abolished in 1938, being replaced with Cyrillic.

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">A a

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ä ä

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">B b

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">C c

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Č č

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ch ch

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Čh čh

</td>

<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">D d

</td></tr>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">E e

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">F f

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">G g

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Gh gh

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">H h

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">I i

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">J j

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">K k

</td></tr>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Kh kh

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">L l

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">M m

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">N n

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ņ ņ

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">O o

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ö ö

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">P p

</td></tr>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ph ph

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Q q

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Qh qh

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">R r

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">S s

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Š š

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">T t

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Th th

</td></tr>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">U u

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ü ü

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">V v

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">X x

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ẋ ẋ

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Y y

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Z z

</td>

<td style="width:3em; padding: 3px;">Ž ž

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic_alphabet">Arabic alphabet</h3></div>

The first, most widespread modern orthography for Chechen was the Arabic script, adopted in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Chechen was not a traditionally written language, but due to the public's familiarity with the Arabic script - as the script of instruction in the region's Islamic and Quranic schools - the Arabic alphabet was first standardized and adopted for Chechen during the reign of <a href="Imam_Shamil" title="Imam Shamil">Imam Shamil</a>. Islam has been the dominant religion in Chechnya since the 16th century, and there were 200 religious schools as well as more than 3000 pupils in Chechnya and Ingushetia. Thus the Arabic script was well established among the speakers of Chechen.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

However, the Arabic alphabet would not be suitable for Chechen, and so modifications would be needed.

The Arabic alphabet underwent various iterations, improvements and modifications for the Chechen language. Within Chechen society, these modifications were not without controversy. The Muslim clergy and the more conservative segments of Chechen society initially resisted any changes to the Arabic script, with the belief that this script was sacred due to its association with Islam, and was not to be changed. The clergy and Islamic educational institutions opposed each and every iteration of proposed reforms in the Arabic script.<a href="#cite_note-chentieva-16">[16]</a> While modifications to the Arabic script to match local languages had been common practice for centuries, for languages such as <a href="Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a>, the modifications in Chechen were done independently from these two nearby and influential literary traditions and were focused on the needs of the Chechen language. Initially, the Chechen Arabic alphabet looked like this (from left to right).

ي ﻻ ه و ن م ل ڮ ك ڨ ق ف غ ع ظ ط ض ص ش س ز ر ذ د خ ح ج ث ت ب ا

In this alphabet, two additional letters were added to the base Arabic script:<a href="#cite_note-chentieva-16">[16]</a>

<ol><li>The letter <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}

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</style> ڨ ‎, equivalent to Cyrillic digraph "Къ" and representing the sound /qʼ/;</li>

<li>The letter ڮ ‎ equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Кӏ" and representing the sound /kʼ/.

<ul><li>This letter was later revised to ࢰ ‎</li></ul></li></ol>

In 1910, Sugaip Gaisunov proposed additional reforms that brought Arabic alphabet closer to Chechen's phonetic requirements. Sugaip Gaisunov introduced four additional consonants:<a href="#cite_note-chentieva-16">[16]</a>

<ol><li>The letter ڥ ‎, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Пӏ" and representing the sound /pʼ/;

<ul><li>This letter was later revised to ڢ ‎</li></ul></li>

<li>The letter ر࣮ ‎ (), equivalent to Cyrillic letters "Ц" and "Цӏ" and representing the sounds /ts/ and /tsʼ/;</li>

<li>The letter چ ‎, equivalent to Cyrillic letters "Ч" and "Чӏ", representing the sounds /tʃ/ and /t͡ʃʼ/;</li>

<li>The letter گ ‎, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Г" and representing the sound /g/;</li></ol>

In Sugaip Gaisunov's reforms, the letters ص ‎ (ṣād/sād) and ض ‎ (zād/ḍād) had their usage limited to Arabic loanwords but were not eliminated due to opposition from clergy and conservative segments of Chechen society. In another short-lasting modification, Sugaip Gaisunov proposed adding a overline (◌ٙ) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0659">U+0659</a>) over letters that can be read as either a consonant or a vowel, namely the letters و ‎ (waw) (equivalent to Cyrillic letter "В" or to letters "О, Оь, У, Уь") and ی ‎ (yāʼ) (equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Й" or to letter "И"). The overbar signified a vowel use when needed to avoid confusions. This modification did not persist in the Chechen alphabet. Thus, the 1910 iteration of the Arabic script continued being used until 1920.<a href="#cite_note-chentieva-16">[16]</a>

In 1920, two Chechen literaturists, A. Tugaev and T. Eldarkhanov, published a document. In this document they proposed new modifications, which were the addition of two new consonants:<a href="#cite_note-chentieva-16">[16]</a>

<ol><li>The letter څ ‎, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Чӏ" and representing the sound /t͡ʃʼ/.

<ul><li>This letter was later revised to ڃ ‎</li>

<li>Thus the letter چ ‎ was reduced to only representing the sound /tʃ/, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Ч";</li></ul></li>

<li>The letter ڗ ‎, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Цӏ" and representing the sound /tsʼ/;

<ul><li>Thus the letter ر̤ ‎ () was reduced to only representing the sound /ts/, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Ц";</li></ul></li></ol>

These modifications by A. Tugaev and T. Eldarkhanov were a great final step in creating a modified Arabic script that represents Chechen consonants. However, the Arabic alphabet still was not suitable in representing Chechen vowel sounds. Arabic script itself uses <a href="Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">harakat</a>, meaning that most but not all vowels are shown with diacritics, which are in most cases left unwritten. The process of transforming Arabic script into a full alphabet for use by a non-Arabic language has been a common occurrence, and has been done in <a href="Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur</a>, <a href="Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a>, <a href="Sorani_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorani alphabet">Kurdish</a> and several more Arabic-derived scripts.

Thus a final revision on Chechen Arabic script occurred, in which vowel sounds were standardized.

<td colspan="6" bgcolor="#EFEFEF">Vowel as first sound of word

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>У у Уь уь

</th></tr>

<td colspan="2">آ‎

</td>

<td>اە‎

</td>

<td>ایـ / ای‎

</td>

<td>اوٓ‎

</td>

<td>او‎

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="6" bgcolor="#EFEFEF">Vowel as middle and final sound of word

</td></tr>

<td>ـا / ا / ـآ / آ‎

</td>

<td>ـا / ا‎

</td>

<td>ـە / ە‎

</td>

<td>ـیـ / یـ / ـی / ی‎

</td>

<td>ـوٓ / وٓ‎

</td>

<td>ـو / و‎

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>U u Ü ü

</td></tr></tbody></table>

Table below lists the 41 letters of the final iteration of Chechen Arabic Alphabet, as published by Chechen Authorities at the time, prior to 1925, their IPA values, and their Cyrillic equivalents.

<caption>Chechen Arabic alphabet (Pre-1925)<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>

</caption>

<th>Arabic (Cyrillic equivalent) [<a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>]

</th>

<td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">آ / ا‎ ‌( А а / Аь аь ) [<a href="Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>]/[<a href="Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a>]/[<a href="Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]/[<a href="Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æː</a>]

</td>

<td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5">ث‎ ‌(С с) [<a href="Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]‍

</td>

<td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ج‎ ‌(Ж ж) [<a href="Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>]/[<a href="Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>]

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Arabic (Cyrillic equivalent) [<a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>]

</th>

</td>

<td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5">ذ‎ ‌(З з) [<a href="Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Arabic (Cyrillic equivalent) [<a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>]

</th>

</td>

<td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5">ص‎ ‌(S s) [<a href="Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Arabic (Cyrillic equivalent) [<a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>]

</th>

<td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5">ض‎ ‌(З з) [<a href="Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]

</td>

<td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5">ظ‎ ‌(З з) [<a href="Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]

</td>

<td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ف‎ ‌(П п / Ф ф) [<a href="Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]/[<a href="Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Arabic (Cyrillic equivalent) [<a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>]

</th>

</td>

<td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ڨ ‌(Къ къ) [<a href="Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a>]

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Arabic (Cyrillic equivalent) [<a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>]

</th>

</td>

<td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">او / و‎ ‌(У у / Уь уь) [<a href="Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>]/[<a href="Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]

</td>

<td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">اوٓ / وٓ‎ ‌(О о / Оь оь) [<a href="Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]/[<a href="Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a>]/[<a href="Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a>]

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Arabic (Cyrillic equivalent) [<a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>]

</th>

</td>

<td style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">اە / ە‎ ‌(Е е / Э э) [<a href="Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]/[<a href="Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>]

</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_chart">Comparison chart</h3></div>

The single letters and digraphs that count as separate letters of the alphabet, along with their correspondences, are as follows. Those in parentheses are optional or only found in Russian words:

<th>Cyrillic

</th>

<th>Latin (1992–2000)

</th>

<th>Latin (1925–1938)

</th>

<th>Arabic (1922–1925)

</th>

<th>IPA

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>/ɑ/, /ɑː/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/æ/, /æː/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/b/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/v/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/g/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/ɣ/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/d/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/e/, /ɛː/, /je/, /ie/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/jo/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/ʒ/, /dʒ/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/z/, /dz/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/i/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/j/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/k/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/q/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/qʼ/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/kʼ/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/l/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/m/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/n/, /ŋ/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/o/, /ɔː/, /wo/, /uo/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/ø/, /yø/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/p/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/pʼ/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/r/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/s/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/t/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/tʼ/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/u/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/y/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/f/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/x/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/ħ/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/h/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/ts/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/tsʼ/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/t͡ʃ/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/t͡ʃʼ/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/ʃ/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/ʔ/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/e/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/ju/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/jy/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/ja/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/jæ/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/ʕ/

</td></tr></tbody></table>

In addition, several sequences of letters for long vowels and consonants, while not counted as separate letters in their own right, are presented here to clarify their correspondences:

<th>Cyrillic

</th>

<th>Name

</th>

<th>Arabic (before 1925)

</th>

<th>Modern Latin<a href="#cite_note-BGN/PCGN-6">[6]</a>

</th>

<th>Name

</th>

<th>IPA

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>/iː/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/kː/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/qː/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/ɔʊ/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/pː/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/r̥/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/sː/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/tː/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/uː/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>/yː/

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notes">Notes</h4></div>

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</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2></div>

Chechen is an <a href="Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative language</a> with an <a href="Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative–absolutive language">ergative–absolutive</a> <a href="Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">morphosyntactic alignment</a>. Chechen nouns belong to one of six genders or classes, each with a specific prefix with which the verb or an accompanying <a href="Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> agrees. The verb does not agree with person or number, having only tense forms and participles. Among these are an <a href="Optative_mood" title="Optative mood">optative</a> and an <a href="Antipassive_voice" title="Antipassive voice">antipassive</a>. Some verbs, however, do not take these prefixes.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

Chechen is an <a href="Ergative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative language">ergative</a>, <a href="Dependent-marking_language" title="Dependent-marking language">dependent-marking language</a> using eight <a href="Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a> (<a href="Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">absolutive</a>, <a href="Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, <a href="Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>, <a href="Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ergative</a>, <a href="Allative_case" title="Allative case">allative</a>, <a href="Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a>, <a href="Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a> and <a href="Comparative_case" title="Comparative case">comparative</a>) and a large number of <a href="Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postpositions</a> to indicate the role of nouns in sentences.

Word order is consistently <a href="Left-branching_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-branching language">left-branching</a> (like in <a href="Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> or <a href="Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>), so that <a href="Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>, <a href="Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstratives</a> and <a href="Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative clauses</a> precede the nouns they modify. <a href="Complementizer" title="Complementizer">Complementizers</a> and <a href="Adverbial_subordinator" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverbial subordinator">adverbial subordinators</a>, as in other <a href="Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a> and in <a href="Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian languages</a>, are <a href="Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a> rather than independent words.

Chechen also presents interesting challenges for <a href="Lexicography" title="Lexicography">lexicography</a>, as creating new words in the language relies on fixation of whole phrases rather than adding to the end of existing words or combining existing words. It can be difficult to decide which phrases belong in the dictionary, because the language's grammar does not permit the borrowing of new <a href="Verb" title="Verb">verbal</a> <a href="Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> to express new concepts.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Instead, the verb dan (to do) is combined with <a href="Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">nominal phrases</a> to correspond with new concepts imported from other languages.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun_classes">Noun classes</h3></div>

Chechen nouns are divided into six lexically arbitrary <a href="Noun_class" title="Noun class">noun classes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Morphologically, noun classes may be indexed by changes in the prefix of the accompanying verb and, in many cases, the adjective too. The first two of these classes apply to human beings, although some grammarians count these as two and some as a single class; the other classes however are much more lexically arbitrary. Chechen noun classes are named according to the prefix that indexes them:

<th>Noun class

</th>

<th>Noun example</th>

<th>Singular prefix</th>

<th>Plural prefix

</th>

<th>Singular agreement

</th>

<th>Plural agreement

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>1. v-class

</td>

<td rowspan="2">b-/d-

</td>

<td>k'ant v-eza v-u 'the boy is heavy'

</td>

<td>k'entii d-eza d-u 'the boys are heavy'

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2. y-class

</td>

<td>zuda 'woman'</td>

<td>y-

</td>

<td>zuda y-eza y-u 'the woman is heavy'

</td>

<td>zudari b-eza b-u 'the women are heavy'

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3. y-class II

</td>

<td>ph'āgal 'rabbit'</td>

<td colspan="2">y-

</td>

<td>ph'āgal y-eza y-u 'the rabbit is heavy'

</td>

<td>ph'āgalash y-eza y-u 'the rabbits are heavy'

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4. d-class

</td>

<td colspan="2">d-

</td>

<td>naž d-eza d-u 'the oak is heavy'

</td>

<td>niežnash d-eza d-u 'the oaks are heavy'

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>5. b-class

</td>

<td>mangal 'scythe'</td>

<td>b-/Ø-

</td>

<td>mangal b-eza b-u 'the scythe is heavy'

</td>

<td>mangalash b-eza b-u 'the scythes are heavy'

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>6. b-class II

</td>

<td>ˤaž 'apple'</td>

<td>d-

</td>

<td>ˤaž b-eza b-u 'the apple is heavy'

</td>

<td>ˤežash d-eza d-u 'the apples are heavy'

</td></tr></tbody></table>

When a noun denotes a human being, it usually falls into v- or y-Classes (1 or 2). Most nouns referring to male entities fall into the v-class, whereas Class 2 contains words related to female entities. Thus lūlaxuo 'a neighbour' is normally considered class 1, but it takes v- if referring to a male neighbour and y- if a female. This is similar to the Spanish word estudiante 'student', where el estudiante refers to a male student, and la estudiante refers to a female student.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>

In a few words, changing the prefixes before the nouns indicates grammatical gender; thus: vоsha 'brother' → yisha 'sister'. Some nouns denoting human beings, however, are not in Classes 1 or 2: bēr 'child', for example, is in class 3.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classed_adjectives">Classed adjectives</h4></div>

Only a few of Chechen's adjectives index noun class agreement, termed classed adjectives in the literature. Classed adjectives are listed with the d-class prefix in the romanizations below:<a href="#cite_note-DottonWagner-22">[22]</a>

<ul><li>деза (d-eza): 'heavy'</li>

<li>довха (d-ouxa): 'hot'</li>

<li>дуькъа (d-yq’a): 'thick'</li>

<li>дораха (d-oraxa): 'cheap'</li>

<li>дерстана (d-erstana): 'fat'</li>

<li>дуьткъа (d-ytq’a): 'thin'</li>

<li>доца (d-oca): 'short'</li>

<li>дайн (d-ain): 'light'</li>

<li>дуьзна (d-yzna): 'full'</li>

<li>даьржана (d-aerzhana): 'spread'</li>

<li>доккха (d-oqqa): 'large/big/old'</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declension">Declension</h3></div>

Whereas <a href="Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> code noun class and case conflated in the same <a href="Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a>, Chechen nouns show no gender marking but decline in eight <a href="Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical cases</a>, four of which are core cases (i.e. <a href="Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">absolutive</a>, <a href="Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ergative</a>, <a href="Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, and <a href="Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>) in singular and plural. Below the paradigm for "говр" (horse).

<th>singular</th>

<th>plural

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>absolutive</td>

<td>говраш gourash

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>genitive</td>

<td>говран gouran</td>

<td>говрийн gouriin

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>dative</td>

<td>говрана gour(a)na</td>

<td>говрашна gourashna

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>ergative</td>

<td>говро gouruo</td>

<td>говраша gourasha

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>allative</td>

<td>говре gourie</td>

<td>говрашка gourashka

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>instrumental</td>

<td>говраца gouratsa</td>

<td>говрашца gourashtsa

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>locative</td>

<td>говрах gourax</td>

<td>говрех gouriäx

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>comparative</td>

<td>говрал goural</td>

<td>говрел gouriäl

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3></div>

The first cell has it written in the orthography; the second in <a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>.

<th>Case

</th>

</th>

</th>

</th>

</th>

</th>

</th>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>absolutive</td>

<td>/txʷʰo/</td>

<td>уьш, уьзаш</td>

<td>/yʃ/, /yzəʃ/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>genitive</td>

<td>цуьнан</td>

<td>/tsʰynən/</td>

<td>/txʰən/</td>

<td>церан</td>

<td>/tsʰierən/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>dative</td>

<td>/suːnə/</td>

<td>хьуна</td>

<td>/ʜuːnə/</td>

<td>цунна</td>

<td>/tsʰunːə/</td>

<td>вайна</td>

<td>/vaɪnə/</td>

<td>тхуна</td>

<td>/txʰunə/</td>

<td>царна</td>

<td>/tsʰarnə/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>ergative</td>

<td>/tsʰuo/</td>

<td>/tsʰarə/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>allative</td>

<td>соьга</td>

<td>/sɥœgə/</td>

<td>хьоьга</td>

<td>/ʜɥœgə/</td>

<td>цуьнга</td>

<td>/tsʰyngə/</td>

<td>вайга</td>

<td>/vaɪgə/</td>

<td>тхоьга</td>

<td>/txʰɥœgə/</td>

<td>шуьга</td>

<td>цаьрга</td>

<td>/tsʰærgə/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>instrumental</td>

<td>соьца</td>

<td>/sɥœtsʰə/</td>

<td>хьоьца</td>

<td>/ʜɥœtsʰə/</td>

<td>цуьнца</td>

<td>/tsʰyntsʰə/</td>

<td>вайца</td>

<td>/vaɪtsʰə/</td>

<td>тхоьца</td>

<td>/txʰɥœtsʰə/</td>

<td>шуьца</td>

<td>/ʃytsʰə/</td>

<td>цаьрца</td>

<td>/tsʰærtsʰə/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>locative</td>

<td>цунах</td>

<td>/tsʰunəx/</td>

<td>/txʷʰɔx/</td>

<td>царах</td>

<td>/tsʰarəx/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>comparative</td>

<td>/tsʰul/</td>

<td>/txʷʰɔl/</td>

<td>царел</td>

<td>/tsʰarɛl/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>reflexive possessive pronouns

</td>

<td>сайн

</td>

<td>/səɪn/

</td>

<td>хьайн

</td>

<td>/ʜəɪn/

</td>

<td>шен

</td>

<td>/ʃɛn/

</td>

<td>вешан

</td>

<td>/vieʃən/

</td>

<td>тхайн

</td>

<td>/txəɪn/

</td>

<td>шайн

</td>

<td>/ʃəɪn/

</td>

<td>шайн

</td>

<td>/ʃəɪn/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>substantives (mine, yours)

</td>

<td>сайниг

</td>

<td>/səɪnɪg/

</td>

<td>хьайниг

</td>

<td>/ʜəɪnɪg/

</td>

<td>шениг

</td>

<td>/ʃɛnɪg/

</td>

<td>вешаниг

</td>

<td>/vieʃənɪg/

</td>

<td>тхайниг

</td>

<td>/txəɪnɪg/

</td>

<td>шайниг

</td>

<td>/ʃəɪnɪg/

</td>

<td>шайниг

</td>

<td>/ʃəɪnɪg/

</td></tr></tbody></table>

The locative has still a few further forms for specific positions.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3></div>

Verbs do not inflect for person (except for the special d- prefix for the 1st and 2nd persons plural), only for number and tense, aspect, mood. A minority of verbs exhibit agreement prefixes, and these agree with the noun in the absolutive case (what in English translation would the subject, for intransitive verbs, or the object, with transitive verbs).

Example of verbal agreement in intransitive clause with a composite verb:

<ul><li>Со цхьан сахьтехь вогІур ву (so tsHan saHteH voghur vu) = I (male) will come in one hour</li>

<li>Со цхьан сахьтехь йогІур ю (so tsHan saHteH yoghur yu) = I (female) will come in one hour</li></ul>

Here, both the verb's future stem -oghur (will come) and the auxiliary -u (present tense of 'be') receive the prefix v- for masculine agreement and y- for feminine agreement.

In transitive clauses in compound continuous tenses formed with the auxiliary verb -u 'to be', both agent and object are in absolutive case. In this special case of a biabsolutive construction, the main verb in participial form agrees with the object, while the auxiliary agrees with the agent.

<ul><li>Cо бепиг деш ву (so bepig diesh vu) = I (male) am making bread.</li></ul>

Here, the participle d-iesh agree with the object, whereas the auxiliary v-u agrees with the agent.<a href="#cite_note-DottonWagner-22">[22]</a>

Verbal tenses are formed by ablaut or suffixes, or both (there are five conjugations in total, below is one). Derived stems can be formed by suffixation as well (causative, etc.):

<th>Tense

</th>

<th>Example

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Imperative (=infinitive)</td>

<td>д*ига

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>simple present</td>

<td>д*уьгу

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>present composite</td>

<td>д*уьгуш д*у

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>near preterite</td>

<td>д*игу

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>witnessed past</td>

<td>д*игира

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>perfect</td>

<td>д*игна

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>plusquamperfect</td>

<td>д*игнера

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>repeated preterite</td>

<td>д*уьгура

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>possible future</td>

<td>д*уьгур

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>real future</td>

<td>д*уьгур д*у

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<th>Tempus

</th>

<th>Basic form ("drink")

</th>

<th>Causative ("make drink, drench")

</th>

<th>Permissive ("allow to drink")

</th>

<th>Permissive causative ("allow to make drink")

</th>

<th>Potential ("be able to drink")

</th>

<th>Inceptive ("start drinking")

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Imperative (=infinitive)</td>

<td>малийта</td>

<td>мала д*āла

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>simple present</td>

<td>молуьйто</td>

<td>малало</td>

<td>мала д*олу

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>near preterite</td>

<td>малий</td>

<td>малийти</td>

<td>мала д*ēли

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>witnessed past</td>

<td>мелира</td>

<td>малийра</td>

<td>малийтира</td>

<td>мала д*айтира</td>

<td>мала д*елира</td>

<td>мала д*ēлира

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>perfect</td>

<td>мелла</td>

<td>малийна</td>

<td>малийтина</td>

<td>мала д*айтина</td>

<td>мала д*аьлла

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>plusquamperfect</td>

<td>меллера</td>

<td>малийнер</td>

<td>малийтинера</td>

<td>мала д*айтинера</td>

<td>мала д*елера</td>

<td>мала д*аьллера

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>repeated past</td>

<td>молура</td>

<td>молуьйтура</td>

<td>мала д*ойтура</td>

<td>малалора</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>possible future</td>

<td>молур</td>

<td>молуьйтур</td>

<td>мала д*ойтур</td>

<td>малалур</td>

<td>мала д*олур

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>real future</td>

<td>молур д*у</td>

<td>молуьйтур д*у</td>

<td>мала д*ойтур д*у</td>

<td>малалур д*у</td>

<td>мала д*олур д*у

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2></div>

Most Chechen vocabulary is derived from the Nakh branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family, although there are significant minorities of words derived from <a href="Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (Islamic terms, like "Iman", "Ilma", "Do'a") and a smaller amount from Turkic (like "kuzga", "shish", belonging to the universal Caucasian stratum of borrowings) and most recently Russian (modern terms, like computer – "kamputar", television – "telvideni", televisor – "telvizar", metro – "metro" etc.).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-e27-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/che">Chechen</a> at <a href="Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"></a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Glottopedia-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Glottopedia_2-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glottopedia.org/index.php/Tschetschenisch">Glottopedia article on Chechen language</a>.

</li>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/russian-federation/languages/chechen">"Chechen in Russian Federation"</a>. UNESCO WAL. Retrieved 22 June 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLongman2008" class="citation book cs1">Longman, J.C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3 ed.). Pearson Education ESL. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1405881173</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Chechnya">"Chechnya"</a>. <a href="Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BGN/PCGN-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BGN/PCGN_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGN/PCGN_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGN/PCGN_6-2">c</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/TABLE%20OF%20CORRESPONDENCES%20FOR%20CHECHEN.pdf">"Chechen table of correspondence Cyrillic-Roman (BGN/PCGN 2008 Agreement)"</a> (PDF). National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2022-02-04.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Jaimoukha. Chechens. Page 212

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJaimoukha2014" class="citation book cs1">Jaimoukha, Amjad M. (2014). The Chechens: a handbook. Caucasus world Peoples of the Caucasus. London New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 202. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-138-87445-9</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Constitution, Article 10.1

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMoshe_Maʻoz,_Gabriel_Sheffer2002" class="citation book cs1">Moshe Maʻoz, Gabriel Sheffer (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FEq14wCaqwAC&q=chechens+speak+their+own+language+punished+if+they+speak+arabic&pg=PA256">Middle Eastern minorities and diasporas</a>. Sussex Academic Press. p. 255. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-902210-84-0</bdi>. Retrieved 12 May 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="Johanna_Nichols" title="Johanna Nichols">Johanna Nichols</a>, Chechen, The Indigenous languages of the Caucasus (Caravan Books, Delmar NY, 1994) <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-88206-068-6</bdi>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072204/http://ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1011.gif">"Indigenous Language of the Caucasus (Chechen)"</a>. Ingush.narod.ru. pp. 10–11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1011.gif">the original</a> (GIF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-01-21.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFАлиеваКасумоваСергановаХамраева2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Алиева, С. А.; Касумова, Б. С.-А.; Серганова, З. З.; Хамраева, Е. А. (2012). Нохчийн мотт. Абат: йоза-дешар Ӏаморан Ӏамат. 1 класс (in Chechen).</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Aliroev, I. Y. (1999). Чеченский язык (Chechen Language) (pp. 24–31). <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>587444-105-0</bdi>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elararchive.org/dk0232/">"Documentation and grammatical description of Chechen including the Cheberloi dialect | Endangered Languages Archive"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-chentieva-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chentieva_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chentieva_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chentieva_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chentieva_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chentieva_16-4">e</a> Chentieva, M. D. (1958). History of Checheno-Ingush writing (История чечено-ингушской письменности). Checheno-Ingush Publishing House (Чечено-Ингушское кн. изд-во).

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<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Чеченская азбука - نوٓخچیی آلفبٰا (Нохчий алфба) (1925) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/chechen-abat/page/n27/mode/2up">https://archive.org/details/chechen-abat/page/n27/mode/2up</a>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Awde, Nicholas and Galäv, Muhammad, Chechen; p. 11. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7818-0446-9</bdi>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Awde and Galäv; Chechen; p. 11

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAwdeGalaev2014" class="citation book cs1">Awde, Nicholas; Galaev, Muhammad (22 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RtyhAwAAQBAJ&q=chechen+noun+classes&pg=PA8">Chechen-English English-Chechen Dictionary and Phrasebook</a>. Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781136802331</bdi> – via Google Books.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"estudiante". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dle.rae.es/estudiante">Estudiante | Diccionario de la lengua española</a>. Diccionario de la lengua española (in Spanish) (23.7 ed.). <a href="Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">Real Academia Española</a>. November 2023. Retrieved 2024-05-10.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-DottonWagner-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DottonWagner_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DottonWagner_22-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFDottonWagner" class="citation web cs1">Dotton, Zura; Wagner, John Doyle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slaviccenters.duke.edu/sites/slaviccenters.duke.edu/files/file-attachments/chechen-grammar.original.pdf">"A Grammar of Chechen"</a> (PDF). Duke University, Slavic Centers. Retrieved 10 June 2020.</cite>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFPieter_Muysken2008" class="citation book cs1">Pieter Muysken (6 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FWs6AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29">From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics</a>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 29, 46, 47, 49, 52–54, 56, 58, 60, 61, 63, 70–74, 77, 93. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-272-9136-3</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw external" title="ce:"> Chechen edition</a> of <a href="Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chechen" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Chechen">Chechen</a></div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Chechen_phrasebook#Q33350" class="extiw external" title="wikivoyage:Chechen phrasebook">Chechen phrasebook</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Cyrillic_script" class="extiw external" title="wikt:Appendix:Cyrillic script">Appendix:Cyrillic script</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/chechen.pdf">The Cyrillic and Latin Chechen alphabets</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~chechen/">The Chechen language | Noxchiin mott</a> Wealth of linguistic information. (No longer active, some information is retained)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiomarsho.com/">Rferl North Caucasus Radio (also includes Avar and Adyghe)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsumada.ru/slovar">Russian–Chechen on-line dictionary</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://erwinkomen.ruhosting.nl/che/dict/lexicon/main.htm">Chechen-Russian dictionary</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ncc\nah&limit=-1">Chechen basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transliteration.kpr.eu/ce/">Chechen Cyrillic - Latin converter</a></li>

<li>Historic primer for Chechen Arabic Script [Чеченская азбука - نوٓخچیی آلفبٰا (Нохчий алфба)] (1925) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chechen-abat/page/n27/mode/2up">https://archive.org/details/chechen-abat/page/n27/mode/2up</a></li>

<li>ELAR archive of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0232">Chechen including the Cheberloi dialect</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baltoslav.eu/nox/index.php?mova=en">Chechen Text Corpus</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Languages_of_Russia489" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State languages of federal subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li>

<li><a href="Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li>

<li><a href="Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li>

<li><a href="Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a>

<ul><li><a href="Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern Altai</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern Altai</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li>

<li><a href="Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li>

<li><a href="Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li>

<li><a href="Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li>

<li><a href="Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li>

<li><a href="Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Dargwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li>

<li><a href="Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk</a></li>

<li><a href="Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li>

<li><a href="Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li>

<li><a href="Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li>

<li><a href="Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li>

<li><a href="Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvin</a>

<ul><li><a href="Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a></li>

<li><a href="Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li>

<li><a href="Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li>

<li><a href="Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li>

<li><a href="Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut/Sakha</a></li>

<li><a href="Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li>

<li><a href="Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li>

<li><a href="Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li>

<li><a href="Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages with official status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chukchi_language" title="Chukchi language">Chukchi</a></li>

<li><a href="Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li>

<li><a href="Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li>

<li><a href="Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li>

<li><a href="Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a></li>

<li><a href="Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li>

<li><a href="Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a>

<ul><li><a href="Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Komi-Permyak</a></li>

<li><a href="Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Northern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mansi language">Northern Mansi</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Mansi language">Eastern Mansi</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a></li>

<li><a href="Selkup_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a></li>

<li><a href="Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tundra_Yukaghir_language" title="Tundra Yukaghir language">Northern Yukaghir</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Yukaghir_language" title="Southern Yukaghir language">Southern Yukaghir</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>1</li>

<li><a href="Cyrillic_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic Braille">Cyrillic Braille</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>2</li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a> (<a href="Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Buryat script</a>, <a href="Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Kalmyk script</a>)2</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>1 In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. 2 For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required.

<ul><li>Languages of Russia</li>

<li>Wikipedia in languages of Russia</li>

<li>Mass media by language of Russia</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_Caucasian_languages410" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="North_Caucasian_languages410" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>The proposed <a href="North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian language</a> family comprises the <a href="Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a> and <a href="Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a> language families.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a> (Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abazgi_languages" title="Abazgi languages">Abazgi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li>

<li><a href="Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a>

<li><a href="Chakobsa" title="Chakobsa">Chakobsa</a></li>

<li><a href="Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a>

<ul><li>Black Sea coast

<ul><li><a href="Natukhajs#Language" title="Natukhajs">Natukhaj</a></li>

<li><a href="Shapsug_dialect" title="Shapsug dialect">Shapsug</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hakuchi_dialect" title="Hakuchi dialect">Hakuchi</a></li>

<li>Northern

<li>Kuban River

<ul><li><a href="Abzakh_dialect" title="Abzakh dialect">Abzakh</a></li>

<li><a href="Bzhedug_dialect" title="Bzhedug dialect">Bzhedug</a></li>

<li><a href="Hatuqway#Language" title="Hatuqway">Hatuqwai</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Besleney_Kabardian_dialect" title="Besleney Kabardian dialect">Besleney</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a> (<a href="Northwest_Caucasian_languages#Connections_to_Hattic" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">proposed</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a> (Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Andic_languages" title="Andic languages">Andic</a>

<li><a href="Akhvakh_language" title="Akhvakh language">Akhvakh</a></li>

<li><a href="Bagvalal_language" title="Bagvalal language">Bagvalal</a>–<a href="Tindi_language" title="Tindi language">Tindi</a></li>

<li><a href="Botlikh_language" title="Botlikh language">Botlix</a>–<a href="Godoberi_language" title="Godoberi language">Godoberi</a></li>

<li><a href="Chamalal_language" title="Chamalal language">Chamalal</a></li>

<li><a href="Karata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karata language">Karata</a>-Tukita</li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dargin_languages" title="Dargin languages">Dargic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chirag_language" title="Chirag language">Chirag</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North-Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mehweb_language" title="Mehweb language">Mehweb</a></li>

<li>Gapshima–Butri</li>

<li>Muira</li>

<li><a href="Tsudaqar_language" title="Tsudaqar language">Tsudaqar</a>–Usisha</li>

<li><a href="North_Dargwa_language" title="North Dargwa language">North Dargwa</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aqusha_dialect" title="Aqusha dialect">Aqusha</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Literary Dargwa</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Murego–Gubden</li>

<li><a href="Kadar_dialect" title="Kadar dialect">Kadar</a></li>

<li>Upper Mulebki</li>

<li><a href="Urakhi_dialect" title="Urakhi dialect">Urakhi</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Ashti–<a href="Kubachi_language" title="Kubachi language">Kubachi</a></li>

<li>Sanzhi–<a href="Itsari_language" title="Itsari language">Itsari</a></li>

<li>Amuzgi–Shiri</li>

<li>Sanakari–Chakhrizhi</li>

<li><a href="Southwestern_Dargwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Dargwa language">Southwestern Dargwa</a>

<ul><li>Sirhwa</li>

<li>Tanti</li>

<li>Upper Vurqni</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kaitag–Shari</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kaitag_language" title="Kaitag language">Kaitag</a></li>

<li>Shari</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bezhta_language" title="Bezhta language">Bezhta</a>–<a href="Hunzib_language" title="Hunzib language">Hunzib</a>–<a href="Khwarshi_language" title="Khwarshi language">Khwarshi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Inkhoqwari_language" title="Inkhoqwari language">Inkhoqwari</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hinuq_language" title="Hinuq language">Hinukh</a>–<a href="Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Archi_language" title="Archi language">Archi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Samur</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li>

<li><a href="Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgian</a></li>

<li><a href="Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Caucasian_Albanian_language" title="Caucasian Albanian language">Caucasian Albanian</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Budukh_language" title="Budukh language">Budukh</a></li>

<li><a href="Kryts_language" title="Kryts language">Kryts</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li>

<li><a href="Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Vainakh_languages" title="Vainakh languages">Vainakh</a>

<li><a href="Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Khinalug_language" title="Khinalug language">Khinalug</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Italics indicate <a href="Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Caucasus541" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Languages_of_the_Caucasus541" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Languages of the</a> <a href="Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Languages_of_the_Caucasus#Families_indigenous_to_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasian</a> (areal)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">South</a> (Kartvelian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Karto-Zan_languages" title="Karto-Zan languages">Karto-Zan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Georgian" title="Old Georgian">Old Georgian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a> (Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Andic_languages" title="Andic languages">Andic</a>

<li><a href="Akhvakh_language" title="Akhvakh language">Akhvakh</a></li>

<li><a href="Bagvalal_language" title="Bagvalal language">Bagvalal</a>–<a href="Tindi_language" title="Tindi language">Tindi</a></li>

<li><a href="Botlikh_language" title="Botlikh language">Botlikh</a>–<a href="Godoberi_language" title="Godoberi language">Godoberi</a></li>

<li><a href="Chamalal_language" title="Chamalal language">Chamalal</a></li>

<li><a href="Karata-Tukita_language" title="Karata-Tukita language">Karata</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dargin_languages" title="Dargin languages">Dargin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chirag_language" title="Chirag language">Chirag</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Mehweb_language" title="Mehweb language">Mehweb</a></li>

<li>Gapshima</li>

<li>Muira</li>

<li><a href="Tsudaqar_language" title="Tsudaqar language">Tsudaqar</a>–Usisha–Butri</li>

<li><a href="North_Dargwa_language" title="North Dargwa language">North Dargwa</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aqusha_dialect" title="Aqusha dialect">Aqusha</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Literary Dargwa</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Murego–Gubden</li>

<li><a href="Kadar_dialect" title="Kadar dialect">Kadar</a></li>

<li>Upper Mulebki</li>

<li><a href="Urakhi_dialect" title="Urakhi dialect">Urakhi</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li>Ashti–<a href="Kubachi_language" title="Kubachi language">Kubachi</a></li>

<li>Sanzhi–<a href="Itsari_language" title="Itsari language">Itsari</a></li>

<li>Amuzgi–Shiri</li>

<li>Sanakari–Chakhrizhi</li>

<li><a href="Southwestern_Dargwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Dargwa language">Southwestern Dargwa</a>

<ul><li>Sirhwa</li>

<li>Tanti</li>

<li>Upper Vurqni</li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Kaitag_language" title="Kaitag language">Kaitag</a></li>

<li>Shari</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Archi_language" title="Archi language">Archi</a></li>

<li>Samur

<ul><li>Eastern

<ul><li><a href="Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li>

<li><a href="Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li>

<li><a href="Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Southern

<ul><li><a href="Budukh_language" title="Budukh language">Budukh</a></li>

<li><a href="Kryts_language" title="Kryts language">Kryts</a>

<li>Western

<ul><li><a href="Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li>

<li><a href="Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Caucasian_Albanian_language" title="Caucasian Albanian language">Caucasian Albanian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Vainakh_languages" title="Vainakh languages">Vainakh</a>

<li><a href="Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a> (Didoic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Hinuq_language" title="Hinuq language">Hinukh</a>–<a href="Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Khinalug_language" title="Khinalug language">Khinalug</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a> (Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abazgi_languages" title="Abazgi languages">Abazgi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li>

<li><a href="Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a>

<li><a href="Chakobsa" title="Chakobsa">Chakobsa</a></li>

<li><a href="Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li>

<li><a href="Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo- European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cimmerian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimmerian language">Cimmerian</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alanic_language" title="Alanic language">Alanic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li>

<li><a href="Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kilit_dialect" title="Kilit dialect">Kilit</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Classical_Armenian" title="Classical Armenian">Classical Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Middle_Armenian" title="Middle Armenian">Middle Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a></li>

<li><a href="Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">German</a></li>

<li><a href="Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li>

<li><a href="Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li>

<li><a href="Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk Oirat</a></li>

<li><a href="Lomavren_language" title="Lomavren language">Lomavren</a></li>

<li><a href="Northeastern_Neo-Aramaic" title="Northeastern Neo-Aramaic">Northeastern Neo-Aramaic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Suret" class="mw-redirect" title="Suret">Assyrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Armazic_language" title="Armazic language">Armazic</a></li>

<li><a href="Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani Arabic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li>

<li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul>

<dd><a href="Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Languages of Armenia</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages of Azerbaijan</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Languages of Georgia</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arabic_alphabets379" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arabic_alphabets379" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> indicates the language is no longer written using Arabic</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Albanian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li>

<li><a href="Aljamiado" title="Aljamiado">Aljamiado</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li>

<li><a href="Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li>

<li><a href="Belarusian_Arabic_alphabet" title="Belarusian Arabic alphabet">Belarusian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li>

<li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Alphabets">Chechen</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li>

<li>Circassian

<ul><li><a href="Adyghe_language#Other_writing_systems" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li>

<li><a href="Kabardian_language#Orthography" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Crimean_Tatar_alphabet" title="Crimean Tatar alphabet">Crimean Tatar</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li>

<li><a href="Dargin_alphabets#Arabic_script" title="Dargin alphabets">Dargwa</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li>

<li><a href="Dobrujan_Tatar_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrujan Tatar alphabet">Dobrujan Tatar</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Aljamiado" title="Greek Aljamiado">Greek</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li>

<li><a href="Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li>

<li><a href="Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li>

<li><a href="Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li>

<li><a href="Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li>

<li><a href="Arebica" title="Arebica">Serbo-Croatian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li>

<li><a href="Balochi_Standard_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochi Standard Alphabet">Balochi</a></li>

<li><a href="Balti_language#Perso-Arabic_alphabet" title="Balti language">Balti</a></li>

<li><a href="Bashkir_alphabet" title="Bashkir alphabet">Bashkir</a></li>

<li><a href="Brahui_language#Perso-Arabic_script" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a></li>

<li><a href="Buri_Wolio" title="Buri Wolio">Buri Wolio</a></li>

<li><a href="Burushaski#Writing_system" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li>

<li><a href="Chagatai_language#Orthography" title="Chagatai language">Chagatay</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li>

<li><a href="Gawri_language#Alphabet" title="Gawri language">Gawri</a></li>

<li><a href="Kashmiri_language#Writing_system" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li>

<li><a href="Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li>

<li><a href="Kishtwari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kishtwari language">Kishtwari</a></li>

<li><a href="Khowar_alphabet" title="Khowar alphabet">Khowar</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a></li>

<li><a href="Kyrgyz_alphabets" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz</a></li>

<li><a href="Arabi_Malayalam_script" title="Arabi Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li>

<li><a href="Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari (Rajasthani)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mehri_language#Writing_system" title="Mehri language">Mehri</a></li>

<li>Pamir (<a href="Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munjani</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a></li>

<li><a href="Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a></li>

<li><a href="Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li>

<li><a href="Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li>

<li><a href="Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a></li>

<li><a href="Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li>

<li><a href="Punjabi_Shahmukhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Shahmukhi">Punjabi</a></li>

<li><a href="Rohingya_Arabic_Alphabet" title="Rohingya Arabic Alphabet">Rohingya</a></li>

<li><a href="Saraiki_alphabet" title="Saraiki alphabet">Saraiki</a></li>

<li><a href="Sindhi_language#Writing_systems" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li>

<li>Shina

<ul><li><a href="Shina_language#Orthography" title="Shina language">Gilgiti</a></li>

<li><a href="Kohistani_Shina#Alphabet" title="Kohistani Shina">Kohistani</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Sulat Sug</a></li>

<li><a href="Arwi" title="Arwi">Tamil</a></li>

<li>Tatar (<a href="%C4%B0ske_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="İske imlâ alphabet">İske imlâ</a></li>

<li><a href="Torwali_language#Alphabet" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen</a></li>

<li><a href="Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li>

<li><a href="Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur</a></li>

<li><a href="Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek</a></li>

<li><a href="Xiao'erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arabic_Afrikaans" title="Arabic Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li>

<li><a href="Berber_Arabic_alphabet" title="Berber Arabic alphabet">Berber</a></li>

<li><a href="Comorian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Comorian language">Comorian</a></li>

<li><a href="Fula_alphabets" title="Fula alphabets">Fula Ajami</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adamawa_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Adamawa Fulfulde">Adamawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Bagirmi_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Bagirmi Fulfulde">Bagirmi</a></li>

<li><a href="Nigerian_Fulfulde" title="Nigerian Fulfulde">Nigeria</a></li>

<li><a href="Pular_language#Writing" title="Pular language">Fuuta Jalon</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulaar_language#Orthography" title="Pulaar language">Fuuta Tooro</a></li>

<li><a href="Maasina_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Maasina Fulfulde">Maasina</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Kibushi</a></li>

<li><a href="Harari_language" title="Harari language">Harari</a></li>

<li><a href="Hausa_Ajami" title="Hausa Ajami">Hausa Ajami</a></li>

<li><a href="Kanembu_language" title="Kanembu language">Kanembu</a></li>

<li><a href="Serer_language#Writing_system" title="Serer language">Serer Ajami</a></li>

<li><a href="Maore_dialect" title="Maore dialect">Shimaore</a></li>

<li><a href="Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>

<ul><li><a href="Humburi_Senni_language" title="Humburi Senni language">Humburi</a></li>

<li><a href="Koyra_Chiini_language" title="Koyra Chiini language">Koyra Chiini</a></li>

<li><a href="Koyraboro_Senni" title="Koyraboro Senni">Koyraboro Senni</a></li>

<li><a href="Zarma_language" title="Zarma language">Zarma</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sorabe_alphabet" title="Sorabe alphabet">Sorabe</a></li>

<li><a href="Tigre_language#Arabic_script" title="Tigre language">Tigre</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg</a>

<ul><li><a href="Air_Tamajeq_language" title="Air Tamajeq language">Air Tamajeq</a></li>

<li><a href="Tawellemmet_language" title="Tawellemmet language">Tawellemmet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Swahili_Ajami" title="Swahili Ajami">Swahili Ajami</a></li>

<li><a href="Wadaad's_writing" title="Wadaad's writing">Wadaad</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li>

<li><a href="Wolofal_alphabet" title="Wolofal alphabet">Wolof</a></li>

<li><a href="Anjemi" title="Anjemi">Yoruba</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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